Reliability

Learn how to prevent race conditions in backend systems with practical examples, database constraints, locking, idempotency, and testing strategies for production.

A practical guide to optimistic and pessimistic locking in SQL, including version columns, SELECT FOR UPDATE, lost updates, and when to use each approach in production.

A practical guide to SQL isolation levels, including Read Committed, Repeatable Read, and Serializable, with backend examples and production trade-offs.

How the transactional outbox pattern solves the dual-write problem in microservices by keeping database writes and event publishing consistent.

How to run background jobs safely in production by designing for retries, duplicate delivery, dead-letter handling, and idempotent side effects.