Production-systems

How trace sampling affects production debugging: head, parent-based, and tail sampling trade-offs, error traces, rare paths, and async work.

Observability vs logging in production, with a practical guide to when logs, metrics, traces, and correlation IDs answer different debugging questions.

How to run background jobs safely in production with replay-safe handlers, bounded retries, dead-letter triage, visibility timeouts, and queue dashboards.

Why request timeouts limit waiting but cannot stop cascading failures without admission control, bounded queues, backpressure, and load shedding.

Why retry logic can amplify degraded systems, how retry budgets and jitter reduce retry storms, and what to check before retrying production requests.