Backend

How to choose database transaction boundaries in backend APIs so writes stay atomic without holding locks across external calls, retries, or slow work.

How retry budgets keep microservice retries useful without amplifying overload: per-request limits, client retry ratios, token buckets, and metrics.

How correlation IDs in microservices connect logs, traces, queues, and background jobs across service boundaries without replacing tracing or metrics.

Observability vs logging in production, with a practical guide to when logs, metrics, traces, and correlation IDs answer different debugging questions.

A practical OpenTelemetry guide for backend engineers: what to instrument first, and how traces, metrics, logs, sampling, and collectors aid debugging.