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Why timeouts limited waiting but failed to contain system-wide overload, leading to cascading failures under production load.

Adding read replicas is expected to offload the primary database. In practice, coordination costs, consistency guarantees, and hidden coupling can prevent load from moving at all.

Retry logic is commonly added to improve reliability. In real systems, it can amplify failures, increase load, and turn partial degradation into full outages.

Logging is meant to make production systems easier to understand. At scale, it often does the opposite - obscuring causality, distorting timelines, and changing system behavior in subtle ways.

Feature flags reduce deployment risk, but over time they can quietly reshape system behavior in ways that make correctness harder to reason about.